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Forced adoption in Australia
Forced adoption was the practice of taking the babies of unmarried mothers against their will and putting them up for adoption. Former Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard offered a national apology to those affected by forced adoptions in 2013.〔http://www.ag.gov.au/About/ForcedAdoptionsApology/Pages/default.aspx〕 The Senate Inquiry Report into forced adoption practices found that babies were taken illegally by doctors, nurses, social workers and religious figures, sometimes with the assistance of adoption agencies or other authorities, and adopted out to married couples. Some mothers were coerced, drugged and illegally had their consent taken.〔http://www.ag.gov.au/About/ForcedAdoptionsApology/Pages/AustralianGovernmentresponsetotheSenateCommitteeInquiry.aspx〕 Many of these adoptions occurred after the mothers were sent away by their families "due to the stigma associated with being pregnant and unmarried". The removals occurred predominately in the second half of the twentieth century as some young mothers who were seen as unfit for motherhood had their children adopted out against their will. It was a practice which has been described as 'institutionalised baby farming'.
==Adoption practices in twentieth century Australia==
Modern adoption is a peculiarly twentieth century phenomenon, with most adoptions taking place between the 1950s and the 1970s. For much of this period, adoption had two key features: the application of "clean break theory", and the framework of "closed adoption". Clean break theory involved the removal of a baby from the mother immediately after birth, often with no contact taking place between parent and child, followed by permanent placement of the baby with an adopting family within a period of several weeks. Closed adoption involved the sealing of the record of adoption. Records were thus closed, so that the parties to the adoption remained permanently unaware of the identity of the others.
There are no precise estimates of the number of adoptions that took place in Australia, with estimates of around 250,000 being feasible. An unknown proportion of these adoptions involved the placement of the babies of single mothers.
Because of the stigma attached to being born out of wedlock, and the absence of any financial support for single mothers, there was a widespread view at the time that adopting out the babies of unmarried mothers was in the 'best interests of the child'.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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